#Zotero ppt manual

There have been various facial imaging methods and tools developed to screen for or diagnose FASD over the years. One of the recommendations was as follows: вЂњIt should also be determined to what extent service providers at a community level could be trained, and with what tools, in the first level screening for FASD so that support services can be provided as soon as developmental problems are detectedвЂќ. In 2008, UNICEF released a situational and gap analysis on FASD in South Africa (Rendall-Mkosi et al., 2008). Additionally, epidemiological research is hindered as the burden of the disorder cannot be sufficiently determined, and resources are not adequately allocated to either the prevention or management of FASD (Popova et al., 2017). This has adverse implications for the affected persons and the society in which they belong as FASD carries a high economic and societal burden (Popova et al., 2012). Access to these specialists is both scarce and costly, contributing to the under- and misdiagnosis of FASD. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the health system is often overburdened and under-resourced. The diagnosis of FASD is complex, time-consuming, and requires a multidisciplinary team of health professionals (Cook et al., 2016 Elias et al., 2018). Early diagnosis is essential to enable access to much-needed developmental, educational, psychological, and social interventions for those affected. More research and development are needed prior to advocating for the use of any tool listed and the ethical implications are yet to be fully explored.ДЇetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a continuum of disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and is one of the world's most prevalent and preventable disabilities (Conrad, 2000). For community screening, none of the tools in this review in their current form completely fulfill all the identified properties of an ideal screening tool. Most studies in the field remain exploratory, attempting to find accurate, reliable, and consistent landmarks and measures across different populations. The use of facial imaging to screen for and diagnose patients with FASD is a rapidly advancing field.

#Zotero ppt manual

Methods of data processing, analysis, and modeling ranged from manual methods to fully automated systems utilizing artificial intelligence. Various measurements and landmarks were used to discriminate FASD from non-FASD participants, which included anthropometry, face shape analysis, and facial curvatures. Imaging included 2D photographs, 3D stereophotogrammetry, 3D laser scanning, and radiographs. Most studies were conducted with South African participants. After title, abstract, and full-text screening, 28 primary studies were included in this review. Animal and antenatal studies were excluded, as were those using only brain imaging. The search included any form of imaging of the head, neck, oral cavity, and dentition. The time frame was limited to the period 2006 to 2022. An electronic search of five databases was conducted. This review follows theВ guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews and is registered with the Open Science Framework ( osf.io/e4xw6). This scoping review describes the current state of evidence regarding the use of facial imaging being as a screening tool for FASD at a community level.

Facial imaging tools have rapidly advanced in recent years and show potential for use in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) screening and diagnosis.